The Radiological Educational Network 26

Special Procedures/IVP Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) or Intravenous Urography (IVU), is the radio-graphic examination of urinary tract including renal parenchyma calyx and pelvis after intravenous injection or oral intake of contrast media. It is a true renal function test because the contrast media molecules are rapidly remove from the blood streams and are excreted completely by a normal kidney. Intravenous pyelography is the most commonly used investigation for evaluation of the urinary system. Before starting the procedure, it is important to have a well prepared patient. The patient should have a low residual diet for 1-2 days, a light evening meal and nil orally after midnight. He should subsequently report fasting, to the radiology department. In addition it is important to give gases absorbent i.e. Tab. charcoal 2 TDS, a day before and a good laxative in the night before the day of examination to clear the large bowel of gases and faecal matter respectively. Under no circumstan...

In the atomic structure, the number of electrons in each shell are vary according to their position from the centrally placed nucleus, like K-shell is the first shell which have only two numbers of electrons, L-shell is the second shell from the nucleus and have eight numbers of electrons, M-shell is the third shell which have eighteen numbers of electrons, and so on. These variable capacities of atomic shells will calculate by following equation: 2(n) 2 Where, n defined as the positioning number of atomic shell from the centrally placed nucleus. By using this expression we can calculate the capacity of any shell to bear electrons. As we knew that we start from K-shell than rest others. So, let`s see some capacities of shells, and know how many electrons they can carry: For K-shell, n=1 Number of electrons bearing capacity = 2(1) 2 =2 For L-shell, n=2 Number of electrons bearing capacity =2(2) 2 =2(4) =8 For M-shell, n=3 Number of electrons...